First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?
It is fairly 免费vpn clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there 免费vpn is so vpn免费下载 much of it the vpn软件免费 function would seem to be important．Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and vpn免费 one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of vpn软件免费 giving the body a rest．‘Rest’, in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can 5be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down．The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active．In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during vpn软件免费 sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing vpn免费下载 muscle inactivity.
If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the vpn免费 brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for vpn免费下载 two factors．First the electroencephalograph (which is simply vpn软件免费 a device 10 for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less．The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental．Some years ago an American psychiatrist 免费vpn named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements vpn免费下载 during sleep．He showed that the average vpn软件免费 individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements,15some drifting and slow, vpn软件免费 others jerky and rapid．People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming．When woken at other times they reported no dreams．If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another vpn免费 group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the 免费vpn others seemed vpn软件免费 more or less unaffected．The 20 implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
CHRISTOPHER EVANS vpn免费 The stuff of dreams from The Listener
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: function (1.1); speculations (1.2); specifically (1.7); plausible hypothesis (1.9); evidence (1.11);fundamental vpn免费 (1.12); punctuated (1.14); jerky and rapid (1.15); implications (1.19).
The paragraph段落
1Drawing your information from the second paragraph (lines 8-20), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: What appears to be the main function of the sleeping period?
2Read the first paragraph again (lines 1-7)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
aWe sleep a great deal: sleep must have a function.
bProblem has puzzled mankind thousands vpn软件免费 of years.
cPurpose of sleep is not to give the body a rest.
dWe do vpn免费 not have to sleep to relax the vpn免费 muscles: this can be done by lying or sitting down for short periods.
eBody tissues function best when muscles are active.
fMovement occurs during sleep to prevent muscle inactivity.
3Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:
aBriefly describe a dream you had and attempt to interpret it.
bSleep.
Key structures关键句型
ASupply the missing words in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
1Speculations ____ its nature have been going on ____ literally thousands ____ years ____．(11.2-3)
2In fact a basic amount ____ movement occurs ____ sleep which is specifically concerned preventing muscle inactivity．(11.6-7)
3Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing ____the recording ____ eye-movements ____ sleep．(11.12-13)
4If one group ____ people were disturbed ____ their eye-movement sleep ____ several nights end, and another group 免费vpn were disturbed ____ an vpn免费下载 equal period ____ time．(11.16-18)
BNote the use of for in this sentence:
Speculations about its nature have been 免费vpn going on for literally thousands of years．(11.2-3)
Supply for or since in the following sentences:
1He has been going to work regularly ____ he recovered from his illness.
2They have been working overtime ____ several months.
3The election results have been coming in steadily ____ midnight.
4She's been working on her novel ____ the beginning of the year.
CStudy this sentence:
Perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? (1.8)
Write similar sentences using the verbs want or need with the following words: cleaning; mending; decorating.
DCompare these two sentences:
Instead of saying: This might be a plausible vpn免费下载 hypothesis were it not for two factors．(11.8-9)
We can say: This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors.
Rewrite the following sentences using if:
1Were it possible,I would leave tomorrow.
2I would take action at once were it not too late.
3Were this allegation true, he would be arrested．
Special difficulties难点
AStudy the following pairs of words vpn免费 and vpn免费 then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1fairly (1.1)----enough
The water is fairly warm.
The water is warm enough to swim in.
2puzzling (1.3)----confusing
The children showed a puzzling lack of curiosity about where their parents were.
The instructions are so confusing that I can't work out what they're saying.
3factor (1.12)----fact
The rise vpn免费下载 in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors.
It is a fact that most deaths from lung cancer are caused by smoking.
BExplain the meaning of the verbs in italics in these sentences:
1William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements．(1.13)
2We have been dealing 免费vpn with the same firm for a number of years.
3He's an extremely vpn软件免费 difficult child．His father is the only vpn免费下载 person who knows how to deal with vpn软件免费 him.
CExplain the meaning of the phrases in italics in these 免费vpn sentences:
1If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end … (11.16-17)
2It wasn't an accident．That window was broken on purpose.
3On the whole, business has been very good this year.
4The doctor's vpn免费下载 very tired．He's been vpn软件免费 on duty for fourteen hours.
5How many soldiers are on leave?
6You mustn't open the door on any account when I'm out.
7It's getting late．I must be on my way.
Multiple choice questions多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension理解
1Giving vpn免费下载 the vpn免费下载 body a rest ____.
a．seems to be the main function of sleep
b．doesn't seem to be the main function of vpn免费 sleep
c．means that sleep must have some function
d．prevents muscle inactivity
2Electrical activity vpn软件免费 ____.
a．is a good indication of the way the body rests during sleep
b．doesn't seem to diminish during sleep
c．is vpn免费下载 a plausible explanation for 免费vpn the function of sleep
d．must always be recorded during vpn免费 sleep
3Rapid eye movements are an vpn免费下载 indication that
a．a person is having a disturbed sleep
b．sleep is very vpn免费 deep
c．that a sleeper is dreaming
d．that a person is drifting into sleep
4One of these statements is true．Which one?
a．The most important function of sleep is dreaming.
b．Rapid eye-movement is vpn软件免费 associated with deep sleep.
c．People who experience rapid eye-movements show personality disorders.
d．When people are woken, they don't report any dreams.
Structure句型
5____ have speculations gone on? ____ 免费vpn For thousands of years．(11.2-3)
a．How many
b．How often
c．How vpn软件免费 much
d．How long
6The bodies tissues can vpn免费 repair ____ .
a．themselves
b．their self
c．itself
d．them
7Peculiar bursts of eye-movements ____ an individual's sleep．(1.14)
a．punctuate
b．is punctuating
c．are punctuating
d．have punctuated
8People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming ____．(11.15-16)
a．for a while
b．during sleep
c．before they went to sleep
d．just this moment
Vocabulary词汇
9Speculations have been going on for thousands of years ____．(11.2-3)
a．so to speak
b．in 免费vpn history
c．and recorded
d．in fact
10This might be a plausible ____．(11.8-9)
a．conclusion
b．deduction
c．philosophy
d．theory
11The second factor is more interesting and more ____．(1.13)
a．obvious
b．basic
c．apparent
d．acceptable
12Some eye-movements were slow, others ____ and rapid．(1.15)
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